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Pakistan threatens farmers with jail over stubble burning

Charging Pakistani farmers for stubble burning under a colonial era law may do little to deal with the air pollution problem
<p> ایک ملچر ٹریکٹر سے منسلک ہوتا ہے تاکہ بھوسے کو مٹی میں ملایا جاسکے- یہ بھوسے کو جلاۓ بغیر تلف کرنے کا متبادل طریقہ ہے- [ تصویر بشکریہ: طاہر وٹو، میاں احمد یار فارمز، پاک پتن]</p>

ایک ملچر ٹریکٹر سے منسلک ہوتا ہے تاکہ بھوسے کو مٹی میں ملایا جاسکے- یہ بھوسے کو جلاۓ بغیر تلف کرنے کا متبادل طریقہ ہے- [ تصویر بشکریہ: طاہر وٹو، میاں احمد یار فارمز، پاک پتن]

Autumn has changed for Pakistan’s Punjab province over the last few years. A season that was once loved for its crisp weather after sweltering summers, a time for outdoor activities, has now become a season full of respiratory illnesses, allergic conditions, and repeated warnings from environmentalists telling the public to confine themselves indoors.

Thick blankets of smog were initially viewed with shock, now their inevitability is a cause for despair.

From Zartaj Gul Wazir, the federal Minister of Climate Change, to the provincial (Punjab) Environment Protection Department, the consensus in Pakistan is that the problem is India’s stubble burning. The government also insists that stubble burning in Pakistan is next to non-existent because the ban is being fully implemented here.

NASA satellite images do show more red spots denoting high heat emissions – fires – on the Indian side. On the Pakistani side there are a few scattered places where such spots are located.

But Ahmad Rafay Alam, an environmentalist and lawyer, says that this is because Pakistan may have burnt only about 35% of its rice stubble yet. When the rest will be burned, the picture may change. Alam recently helped his teenage daughter, Leila, along with other students to file a writ petition in the Lahore High Court highlighting how the provincial government has been misleading the public by using a more lenient air quality index (AQI) compared to countries like the US. Among other issues the petition also accuses the government of not publicising air quality readings.

Read: Frogs in smog: air quality in Lahore

Abid Omar, founder of the Pakistan Air Quality Initiative (PAQI), a system of independently owned air quality meters, says that while crop residue burning contributes towards air pollution woes, it is rather a “meteorological misfortune” that prevails over Punjab that causes the toxic mix during winter.

“More crop residue burning happens after the spring (wheat) harvest, than it does after the autumn (rice) harvest,” he said. “Yet smog isn’t a summer problem. But during the winter months, all the toxic emissions stay trapped in the lower atmosphere and cause the infamous Lahore Smog.”

Imposing Section 144

He said that when peaks and drops in the AQI are seen it is mostly due to wind changes and other conditions. Despite what the government would like everyone to think, it is not from their own actions. In October the provincial government had ordered the banning of stubble burning, as well as burning other waste under the Section 144 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. This clause, enacted in 1898 and amended in 1997, gives the government emergency powers to prevent actions that may lead to harm or probable loss of life.

Farmers, though, do not take the ban seriously.

“First of all, to set the record straight, I don’t think there has been any action even under Section 144,” said Aamer Hayat Bhandara, an independent farmer from Pattoki. “There is little presence of the government, no monitoring and in reality rice stubble is being burnt left, right and centre.” There have been pictures doing the rounds on social media, taken by those travelling within the province who can see stubble burning.

“The second question we must ask ourselves is, is stubble burning really a contributing factor to the extent that it is being made to be?” he asks. “Paddy cultivation has been an ancient practice of the region and stubble burning is not a new thing.”

Other options

Despite his questions Bhandara remains one of those few who opt to use machines rather than burn his crop stubble. He uses a Kubota harvester, which piles the stubble behind it as it moves on, so that it can be collected and mixed with animal fodder or sold.

The harvester can be rented for PKR 6,000-7,000 (USD 39-45) per acre. Unfortunately many small scale farmers cannot afford such an investment, or it does not make financial sense for them to invest in it.

Tahir Wattoo, who owns Mian Ahmed Yar Farms uses a mulcher which costs PKR 150,000-200,000 (USD 965-1,286).

“I don’t believe that most farmers out there cannot afford it,” he said. “When they want to afford something they manage it. They believe they will be cutting the cost of diesel usage if they do not use this, but actually it would save money. In the end it boils down to the fact that they do not want to switch to modern methods.”

Wattoo says that mulching is a two year old process in Pakistan, and most farmers are not fully aware of the process and its repercussions so they fear their next crop may be harmed.

“Stubble burning is actually a problem, despite being the easy way out. Our soil is already low on fertility. By burning it we continue to distress it of its minerals, its texture and softness. But who will educate the farmers?”

“If the government gives subsidies to farmers, things will become easier,” said Malik Asfar. “After the 1950s ‘London fog’, the government banned stubble burning but without ostracising farmers. I would say stubble burning is a smog contributor by 35% maximum, but no more. We must consider air pollution being caused by rising population and increasing traffic.”

Farmers need to be educated; unfortunately the agriculture department is missing in action.

“It’s a dead department,” said Wattoo. “How have they helped farmers?”

“Nine months of the year they are sleeping, and then suddenly they wake up and start employing section 144,” said Bhandara who even has videos out on the topic on his Facebook page.

“Section 144 is never a solution; farmers should be heard, their problems must be taken into account, instead of simply arresting them,” said Bhandara. He suggested that incentives for cheaper machinery, such as subsidies, providing farmers with balers, or providing machines on rent, might have greater impact if the government was serious about behavioural change.

“No one discusses other issues such as burning of biomass, and indoor air pollution, construction, and as mentioned before vehicular and industrial emissions. Sadly the environment agenda that the government came with has not been sustained,” said Bhandara. He suggested that farmers and kilns are targeted because they are visible, while no oil company is punished for substandard fuel which leads to much higher vehicular pollution.

Government is trying

Anjum Buttar, a director general at the Punjab Agriculture Department however insisted that they are working on more incentives – but only for responsible farmers.

“Most of them are responsible, but those who are not are then taken action against,” he said. “We interact with farmers’ bodies almost daily. Currently in Punjab there are about five million acres of rice – are there so many people burning stubble out there? In fact Pakistan is not even burning significantly. The problem is more on the other side.”

He said that the government is working on bringing a national programme where choppers and tillage machines are going to be procured and given on subsidies. “Whoever will use the Kubota harvester will be given a subsidy of PKR 1,500 (USD 9.65) per acre. We are also talking to banks.”

But Buttar also defended the sector saying that crop burning is not the main cause of air pollution – it is vehicular pollution.

Meanwhile Hammad Naqi, Director General of WWF Pakistan, said that they are implementing their Climate Resilient Agriculture Programme.

“We keep proposing to the government to provide the farmers subsidies because they really need these. There are many alternatives out there including Happy Seeder (known as Pak Seeder), Zero Tillage Drill, Rice Straw Chopper, and the Japaense Kubota machine. These should be accessible to responsible farmers.”

This worked when the government wanted to promote land levelling, and provided 60% subsidies. This led to a reduction in water use. Farmers were also given subsidies to promote efficient irrigation practices, and this worked too. Currently Naqi says WWF is working on a study to examine what may be done with the stubble and how it may be reused.

According to Saad Cheema from WWF, under Section 144, the police lodged 544 cases. The highest number of burning incidents was reported from Sheikhupura (204), Jhang (120), Okara (102) and Nankana Sahib (96) divisions of Punjab.

“How many people will they end up arresting?” asked Naqi. “This is really not a long term solution.”

Comments (1)

Burning of Rice Residue – A Farmer’s Perspective

It is always funny listening to non-farmers coming up with exotic solutions to this problem. No matter what alternate solution you come up with, it will involve increased cost of production and extra time spent in the field. Therefore, without corresponding increase in sale price, you will face stiff resistance from the farmers to adopt it.

Here is the problem. When rice is harvested by a combine harvester, it leaves dense lines of un-chopped whole straw which is spitted out the back. Also, rice straw is particularly tough to chop compared with wheat straw. Currently farmers have three options available to plough in the straw as valuable green manure but none of it works. First you can rotavate it but rice straw being particularly tough, wraps around the blades and it fails. Second, you can try to disc plough it but discs don’t cut this straw and pass over it. Third, use the cultivator plough but it fails miserably as the straw accumulates in front of its tines making it useless. So most farmers are left with the only remaining option to burn the straw. Burning also returns a lot of nutrients back to the soil. There are special purpose wheat sowing machines called zero-tillage drills available which sow wheat with tilling rice fields but these drills work only after the straw has removed from the field.

What are possible solutions? The problem starts with the combine harvester. Harvesters are supposed to have straw choppers that chop all crop residue before it is thrown out. Once chopped into small pieces, the straw can be ploughed in by discs or rotavator. Unfortunately, to cut costs, the harvester owners remove their choppers because it reduces diesel consumption. At the same time the farmer is not willing to pay higher rate to get his crop harvested. Second, now there are separate straw choppers available that will do the job too. This implement is attached at the back of tractor and driven by a PTO shaft and they chop the straw residue into manageable pieces. The problem with these is the same; added cost of buying and then high cost running it in the field. Not many farmers can afford it. Third, use the residue biomass to generate electricity. This is a complex problem as it involves added logistics of baling the straw and then taking it to the power plants. A whole new industry has to evolve around this. Then I am not sure how the burning of straw in power plants will be better than burning it in the fields.

Then there is the time factor. There just isn’t much time between rice harvest and wheat sowing. Farmers want to be done with rice ASAP and sow wheat. Burning rice straw is the quickest way to do it.

In summary, dealing with rice straw without burning it is a real expensive pain in the ass of farmers. The question remains…what to do? Two things. One, keep pressure on farmers by making burning illegal that will force them to force the harvester owners to install chopper on their machines and two, be prepared to pay higher price for rice. Clean air won’t be cheap.
By Hasan A.. Khan

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